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Circumstance when conspirators will be deemed to have committed the substantive offence
Conspiracy under the Penal Code
Effect of the prosecution proving some community effort on the part of the accused persons aimed at committing a crime
Essential ingredient of the offence of conspiracy
General principles on the offence of conspiracy
How conspiracy is proved
How the courts arrive at the conclusion that conspiracy has been committed
How the court should determine whether the minds of the accused persons met to commit an offence
How the offence of conspiracy can be inferred by the court
How the offence of conspiracy is committed/How it can be proved
How to prove the element of meeting of minds in the offence of conspiracy
Ingredients of the offence of conspiracy
Meaning and nature of the offence of conspiracy
Meaning and proof of the offence of conspiracy
Meaning of conspiracy
Nature and proof of the offence of conspiracy
Nature of evidence required to prove conspiracy
Nature of the offence of conspiracy
Nature of the offence of conspiracy
Position of the law on the offence of conspiracy
Position of the law where the case for the prosecution suggests that a conspiracy existed between the accused and persons unknown and there is evidence to that effect
Position of the law where the evidence sought to be relied on in support of a count charging a substantive offence is the same as that to be given in support of a count charging a conspiracy to commit the same offence
The gist of the offence of conspiracy
The impropriety of including a count of conspiracy to commit an offence as well as a count for actually committing the offence itself where the evidence to support the two counts are the same
The major ingredient of the offence of conspiracy
The mens rea of the offence of conspiracy
The rule that conspiracy and the offence committed in pursuance thereof are two separate and distinct offences
The rule that conspiracy is a matter of inference to be deduced by the trial Court
The rule that courts should first deal with the substantive offence where the facts of conspiracy to commit an offence are intricately woven with the facts of the substantive offence
Ways by which conspiracy may be formed
Ways in which the offence of conspiracy can be committed
What conspiracy connotes
What constitutes the offence of conspiracy
What must be proved to secure conviction for the offence of conspiracy
When conspiracy is said to have been completed
When the offence of conspiracy is committed
When the offence of conspiracy is complete
When the offence of conspiracy is complete and how it can be inferred by the court
When the offence of conspiracy will be shown to have been committed
Whether a charge of conspiracy is a different charge from that of the substantive offence
Whether a charge under Section 516 of the Criminal Code is appropriate where the conspiracy is of the nature and type provided for in section 37(2) of the Code
Whether a count for conspiracy to commit an offence should be merged with a count for the substantive offence
Whether a count of conspiracy should be included in a charge where a substantive count has been laid
Whether a court can infer conspiracy in the absence of evidence
Whether an accused person can be charged with committing the offence of conspiracy with others at large
Whether an accused person can be convicted for conspiracy in the absence of a co-accused
Whether an accused person can be discharged on a charge of conspiracy, but convicted on the substantive offence
Whether an accused person can be found guilty of the offence of conspiracy where the substantive offence is not proved
Whether an accused person need not be charged with the offence of conspiracy before he is charged with a substantive offence
Whether a person alone can be convicted for conspiracy where the other persons have been discharged and acquitted
Whether a statement by one conspirator is admissible against the others
Whether conspiracy can be established from mere conjecture
Whether conspiracy can be proved by direct evidence
Whether conspiracy can remain in the intention of the alleged conspirators
Whether conspiracy to commit a crime must be proved independently of the commission of the crime
Whether conviction for the principal offence is a requirement for conviction for the offence of conspiracy
Whether each participant in a conspiracy is guilty of the conspiracy and the substantive offence
Whether evidence of what one person says in the absence of other conspirators is admissible against the others in an offence of conspiracy
Whether it is necessary for the conspirators to know each other before the offence of conspiracy can be established
Whether it is necessary for the proof of conspiracy that the conspirators be seen together
Whether it is necessary in a conviction for conspiracy that the conspirators should come together for the purpose or that there should have been previous consultation
Whether it is necessary to prove that the conspirators were seen coming out from the same place at the same time
Whether other conspirators can join a conspiracy at a later stage
Whether some accused persons charged with conspiracy can be convicted while the others are acquitted
Whether the actual commission of an offence is relevant to determining the fact of conspiracy
Whether the best evidence of conspiracy is one from the conspirators
Whether the commission of the actual offence must be proved in a charge of conspiracy
Whether the failure to prove a substantive offence makes conviction for conspiracy inappropriate
Whether the offence of conspiracy can be proceeded upon in the absence of the substantive offence
Whether the offence of conspiracy conceived in one place could be tried in another place where the various overt acts were carried out
Whether the offence of conspiracy may be committed by persons who have never seen each other
Whether the offence of conspiracy to commit an offence is independent of the actual offence committed
Whether there can be direct evidence of conspiracy
Whether there must be express agreement before common intention can be shown in conspiracy
Whether to establish the offence of conspiracy it is necessary for the conspirators to know each other or to know what each co-conspirator did
Whether where there is no evidence in proof of essential elements of a substantive offence, the charge of conspiracy is also devoid of proof
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